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What If I'm Using an Electronic Version of an Article or Book?

Depending on which citation style you are using, you will need to differentiate between print (hardcopy) and online or digital versions of your sources. Each citation style has its own rules for formatting this information.

Also depending on the style you are using, you might need to include the name of the online database from which you retrieved the information. In the case of scholarly sources, you might need to include the Digital Object Identifier (DOI): a DOI is a unique identifier assigned to the online content in order to locate that content on the Internet.

Consult the Citation Research Guide for style-specific examples of how to cite items you have retrieved from online article databases and the free, public web.