Powell, Shantell. "The Witching Hours." The Shanmonster Page. 1995. <http://www.shanmonster.com/witch/index.html> (10 July 2006).
"The Witching Hours" is a hard page to figure out. While some parts of the page are objective and somewhat useful, others are downright strange. The author of the page is Shantell Powell, a dancer, artist, and amateur historian who considers herself a full-time heretic and antichrist.  This page is a part of her personal homepage. By her own admission, she is nothing but an amateur historian with a B.A. in English and Classics. The site does contain a disclaimer that says it is a starting point for historical research, rather than an actual site for historical research. One questionable page discusses the "witch craze" and its relation to misogynist ideas, including terms such as "sex crimes" to describe the witch hunts. However some parts of the site can be very useful as a starting point of research. The author offers enormous amounts of information about the general topic of the witch hunts in the format of pull-down menus, including primary source documents of certain trials or parts of the Malleus Maleficarum. It also has links to other pages and a section of very brief descriptions of books about the topic. The page can be somewhat helpful to someone who is just beginning to learn about the witch-hunts, but for someone who already has a basis of knowledge its usefulness is greatly diminished.  Annotation by Jennifer Levisky, with Dana Romano.  

Golden, Richard and Jeffrey Merrick. "The Witchcraft Bibliography Project." University of North Texas. <http://www.hist.unt.edu/witch.htm> (10 July 2006).
Merrick of the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee had begun the site and then turned it over to Richard Golden, Chair of the History Department at UNTDr. Golden enlarged and emended the site between 1996 and 2000. Dr. Golden is currently working on a book about witch hunters in the 16th and 17th centuries; he is also the editor of the forthcoming Encyclopedia of Witchcraft.
The site is a scholarly attempt at a comprehensive bibliography of witchcraft in early modern Europe and America. As such, it is essentially a listing of books and journal articles pertaining to witchcraft. The titles are broken down by geographical areas, with special sections on demonology, historiography, and general reference works. The site claims that there are three ways to access the bibliography: Either by searching the table of contents, by downloading the bibliography in a self-extracting file (700k), or by viewing it onscreen as one large file. Actually, only the first method works; the file is too large to be viewed on screen, and the self-extracting file did not work properly on four attempts.  The works are listed alphabetically by author, and are in twenty-one languages. There is no translation of titles, so users must be familiar with the original tongues. The "Demonology" section itself contains eighty-six titles, which may give some idea of the size of the collection. The works listed are mostly secondary source books; they site does not claim to provide primary sources.
There are about forty-five links on the site. The problem is that many of the links are dead, including a German site on, among other things, wine, witches, and werewolves. 
The site presents a solid bibliography for those seriously interested in the topic, especially multilingual researchers. It is less useful for its links, and offers sites of dubious value for those with a popular curiosity. The site would be invaluable for scholars starting work in the field of European and American witchcraft. Annotation by John Fitzpatrick. 

Baider, Fabienne, Anita C. Liang. “Witches of the Web: A Review of Some Scholarly Sites on Witches.” World Wide Web Reviews (Feminist Collections, v.20, no.2, Winter 1999). 22 March 1999. <http://www.library.wisc.edu/libraries/WomensStudies/fc/fcwebbai.htm>
(10 July 2006). 
This page contains eleven links to other sites for people to gain information on different witch-hunts and witch related material. Unfortunately, six of these links do not connect. Although associated with the University of Wisconsin and its Women Studies program, the site has not been updated since 1999. This page is somewhat useful as a guide to those sites that still exist. Annotation by Eric Calabrese. 

Museum of Witchcraft, Boscastle Cornwall.  (2006) <http://www.museumofwitchcraft.com/> (10 July 2006).
The museum "houses the world's largest collection of witchcraft related artefacts and regalia."  The online presentation includes some good pictures and descriptions of various aspects of witchcraft.  It takes a believing attitude toward the supernatural.  

Du Barry, Stephanie. "Greywing’s Witch Hunt Research." Telstra Big Pond Advance customer web sites. 1994. <http://users.bigpond.net.au/greywing/witches.html> (10 July 2006).  
Stephanie du Barry holds a master’s degree from the University of New England (New South Wales, Australia) and she considers herself an amateur historian. The site seems to be labor of love, undertaken out of an interest in the subject.  The author has a definite point of view on the witch persecutions: they were bad, and they were the result of insanity on the part of the accusers, misogyny run wild, and the popularity of the Malleus Maleficarum. The author views the primary cause of the witch hunts as hatred of women. She blames a male ruling class society for the hostility directed towards the accused witches. She has made her mind up on this point without apparently considering the numbers of men tried and condemned as witches (in some persecutions, male victims outnumbered female). Du Barry offers several essays on topics like the Malleus Maleficarum, "Witches! - An Extraordinary Expression of Misogyny," and "The Witch and the Demoniac - Were They Insane?" focusing on Tudor and Stuart England.  Du Barry does have some interesting things to say. Du Barry’s essay on East Anglian and Scottish witch trials is interesting for the contrast between the two places, although lacking depth. The essays making up "Steph’s Witch Hunt age" probably have neither the simplicity beginners need, nor the depth required by serious scholars. The reader should be cautioned to carefully analyze Du Barry’s work and recognize her bias.  Annotation by John Fitzpatrick, with  Jonathan Grochowski. 

Lachkova, Olga. "Witch Hunt Commented Links." GWDG, Göttingen. (n.d.) <http://www.gwdg.de/~olachko/witchhunt.htm> (10 July 2006).  
List  with brief annotations divided into categories of institutional, personal, German [in German language], and other.  

Cox, Bradley. "Witch Hunts." Virtual School. 1997. <http://www.virtualschool.edu/mon/SocialConstruction/Witch Hunts.html> (10 July 2006).
Bradley Cox who founded "Virtual School," works for the George Mason University program on social and organizational learning. He has extensive education including a bachelor’s degree in science, organic chemistry, and mathematics, doctor in philosophy, and post-doctoral fellow. 
On this site, Cox describes a brief history of the witch hunts in many different countries including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Ireland, and the United States. The first part, "Witch Hunts," provides a brief history and gives different statistics on the number of witches tried and convicted to die. 
The second section, "Witches and Witch Hunting," describes torture and the types of evidence admissible in court. He references The Evolution of Criminal Justice by Sandy Judd and The Return of the Witch Hunts by Jonathan G. Harris.  The third section,  "Magic," compares and contrasts the rituals of magic and the rituals of religion.  This site  is good for the beginner and the advanced. Annotation by Mark Pisano.

Jones, Adam. "Case Study: The European Witch Hunts, c.1450-1750 and Witch-Hunts Today." Gendercide Watch. 1999. <http://www. gendercide.org/case_witchhunts.html> (10 July 2006). 
Gendercide Watch is against gender-related crimes, especially infanticide and genocide. Jones is currently a professor of International Studies at the Center for Research and Teaching in Economics (CIDE) in Mexico City. His writings on gender and international politics have appeared in Journal of Genocide Research, Review of International Studies, Ethnic & Racial Studies, Caribbean Studies, and other publications.  The site is very strongly opinionated and is biased toward a feminist point of view. Some of the language used on the site is very strong (i.e. Burning Times, and Witch-Craze) and the viewpoint is based on the theory that the witch-hunts were an attempt by masculine dominated culture to eradicate the females. There were many references to Brian Levack’s book The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe, which is an excellent source for information on the hunts. However, some of the information on the page seems to contradict itself, and when they attempt to give the excuse that the hunts were an attempt to eliminate females, they begin to go too far. 
Illustrations show witches being tried, burned, etc.  The links on the page are basically links to other areas of the site, but those that link to others are excellent.
I feel that this would be a good site for an intermediate or scholar to use, because those people would be able to get the accurate information and separate it from the bogus and biased views. Annotation by Brian Hazlak.

O’Dubhain, Searles and Deborah. "Hall of Remembrance." The Summerlands. 1996. <http://www.summerlands.com/> (10 July 2006).  
From the main home page and then you can access the section of the "Hall of Remembrance." The site is all about pagan/wiccan/witches and is for the real modern day believer. One of the links off the main page is to a site with some history of the witch trials, http://www.summerlands.com/crossroads/remembrance/index.html.
These pages are run by Jenny Gibbons, the site tells us she is a scholar of Witchcraft, Celts, and things esoteric:  "As the holder of an MA in Medieval Studies with a focus on the Christian conversion of Western Europe, Medieval Magick, and The Burning Times, she is most eminently qualified to guide us all through the history and remembrance of Witchcraft." 
The Hall of Remembrance main page has eight choices: The Entrance, FAQ, Message Board, The Library, Burning Times Encyclopedia, The Victims, Guest Book and Modern Persecutions. Several seem to still be under construction and you must have a password to use the Library. If you go into the Library section you have three more links you can go to, Recent Additions, Archived threads and Book Reviews. One section is on Scholarly Book Reviews:  so far there are only eleven books reviewed but among them are the Malleus Maleficarum and The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe by Brian Levack. There is a page that lists the Stages of a Witch Trial. A page called Index of Book Reviews Folder is quite lengthy and there are quite a few items other than books discussed, each in its own separate link. All of the links that I visited were very interesting and I ended up spending way more time reading the material then I had originally anticipated. There were some minor spelling errors and in one link called Not Fit For Children another link is provided for Texas Pagan Awareness, but unfortunately it does not go there it takes you to a porn site. 
Jenny Gibbons uses primary sources mostly to answer questions and has a few trial transcripts and letters from victims posted. She is reviewing secondary sources for the most part and is a stickler for accuracy. She shows great disdain for those that do show a bias in their works. The site is written in a way that not only can serious students of the Witch Hunts find it helpful but also the average person interested would find it very easy to understand and would learn an amazing amount from this site. I personally found this to be a terrific site and have bookmarked it and will return in the future. Annotation by Sandra Silvey.

Booth, David. “Essays on Witch Hunting and Witch Discourse.” Personal Homepage, St. Olaf College. August 16 1996. <http://www.stolaf.edu/people/booth/DsEssays.html> (10 July 2006).
A religion professor from St. Olaf college in Minnesota created this website.  It contains excerpts of essays he has written on witch hunting and witch discourse as supplemental research to those interested in the studies of femininity, Christian discourse, and witchcraft.  Each of the essays contained on this website deal with how the witch-hunts were targeted at and affected women. The first essay, "Dubious American Ideal: Gender and Historical Knowledge in The Crucible," looks at the historical accuracy of Arthur Miller’s play and suggests a rereading of it in light of women’s historical experiences. The second essay, "Witches Can do Marvelous Things: Witch Powers as Rhetorical Device in the Texts of Witch Hunters," examines the Malleus Maleficarum and how the rhetoric of this inquisitor manual created a certain construction of femininity. The final essay, "'Witch' and 'Woman' in the Discourse of Witch Hunting: Semiotic Reflections," deals with the early modern idea of “witch” and how it contributes to the idea of “woman” today. While these essays may be too complex for a beginning student, Booth’s research is an extremely insightful resource. Annotation by Leslie Martin.

Laren. "Witch Craze History," Stella Australis. 7 April 2000. <http://www.geocities.com/Athens/2962/history/index.html> (5 December 2001).
This site, done by an Australian neo-pagan, gives a mixture of the author’s views on witches along with some other links to where there is some other scholarly research. She clearly states what is her personal opinion, such as belief in Tarot cards and the Sabbat, and what is generally considered fact by the scholarly community (i.e. that no one causal factor caused the witch hunts). The site deals with many topics involved in the witch-hunts, paying specific attention to the Malleus Maleficarum. This is followed by the author’s views on the subject, along with time lines of the witch craze in countries such as England and Scotland and good essays on the numbers of dead and kinds of victims. The author’s view is pretty basic:  the killings were done from a religious standpoint to rid the world of Satan, although there were no witches to kill in the first place.  The site is its incomplete, using links that are not up yet. The first page that stands out, listing sources on witches.  Annotation by David Ruggles, with Jeremy Kattner.

Robinson, B.A. "The Burning Times: The past extermination of Witches and other heretics." Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 24 July 2001.  <http://www.religioustolerance.org/wic_burn.htm> (5 December 2001).
The author,  introduces his website by saying he plans on telling the truth about the witch hunts and to prove why many other authors, especially Neopagans, are wrong . He gives the original Neopagan findings, compared to what really happened. Examples of this are in the numbers of witch killings (50,000-100,000 people), when and where they were tried (1500-1650), and where these witches were from (Switzerland, Germany, France). 
There are some links to other sites on this page, but mainly they take you to where he originally got his information. In that sense, this web page might be one of the most factual and validified sites on the web. For as tough of a subject that witch craft can be in finding if it is true or not, this author uses as many primary sourses as you are going to find. Anyone from a beginner to a professor should seek this out to get the most up to date knowledge there is on the actual happenings of some witch hunts.  Annotation by David Ruggles.  

Mortale, Bestia. "Why the Witch Hunts?" Widdershins. <http://widdershins.org/vol2iss4/m9609.htm> (26 April 2004).
Widdershins, is a Pacific Northwest pagan community newspaper, published since 1995. Mortale's credentials are not given.  With this site being part of a pagan community, the author seems to hold pagan ideals and believes there really was witchcraft.  She comes down hard on the Christian church, and stresses the importance of the accused themselves, contending, "witches really were the main players in the witch drama." 
Mortale suggests three main reasons for the with hunts. First, unlike most of their female contemporaries, wise women and midwives held considerable power, especially in rural communities, often as the sole health care providers and thus, revered and feared alike. Not only were they powerful, but unmarried women posed a problem for patriarchal Renaissance society. Mortale suggests that the Church felt particularly threatened by these women -- "powerful proponents of non-Christian values" -- because they practiced magic(k). (Although, she dismisses the idea of a widespread underground fertility cult, any attempts to saddle supernatural power outside the realm of the Church must have been regarded with suspicion).  Second, Mortale proposes that many sinlge/widowed country women were eager for sexual fulfillment. She asserts that there was probably lots of sex in the countryside: especially the female-initiated, out-of-wedlock, taboo variety. Mortale sees the witch hunts, at least in part, as attempts by the Church and governments to Christianize the countryside and purge it of such troublesome women. 
Finally, Mortale holds that it's reasonable to say that wise women "dabbled in mind-altering experiences:"  herbs and ointments they used may have caused the hallucinations of night riding. She admits, though, that such an assertion is highly speculative and probably not that widespread. Other impetuses for witch hunting Mortale mentions briefly: the desire to confiscate property, the corruption of the Catholic Inquisition, and the generally uncomfortable religious climate of the day. At times, however, Mortale seems to exaggerate the scope and severity of the hunts: her comparison, for instance, between the "witch craze" and anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany. 
Mortale's "Why the Witch Hunts?" is interesting and perhaps worth a read, so long as one remembers that the article isn't scholarly in nature. The bibliography contains many scholarly works on witchcraft, and suggests that Mortale did at least some research. Annotation by Jennifer York, with Dana Romano.

Paralumun. "Witchcraft News Headlines." 
<http://www.paralumun.com/witchcraft.htm> (10 July 2006).
Paralumun, a new-age women’s group, posts this page for further inquiry into the subject of witches and witchcraft. The site consists of a compilation of links to current articles by contributors from the Associated Press, a number of journals and periodicals, a small encyclopedia of witchcraft terminology, and even few descriptions of historical witch trials.
This site was created from the perspective that witchcraft is something to be taken lightly. It does not indicate any appreciation of the historical impact witches and witchcraft has had on this world. Making brief mention of only four trials in history, Paralumun fails to realize (or acknowledge) the devastating reality of the subject.  The page provides links to several articles about Harry Potter. It even offers spells to mend broken friendship, protect the home and freeze something out of your life. For a very simplistic and superficial view of witches and witchcraft, this site is tops.  Annotation by Sarah McKelvy.

Bethancourt III, W.J. "The Killing of Witches: A Chronicle of the Burning Times." Illusions! 29 October 2001.  <http://www.illusions.com/burning/burnwitc.htm>.  (29 November 2001--still active 2006?  For copies of the list,  http://www.witchesway.net/links/burningtimes/executed.html , http://us.geocities.com/ladydionne13/page12.html, or http://www.skepticfiles.org/atheist/witchesd.htm for some info from the original). 
This extremely dramatic site is peppered with rewards from various witch and pagan groups and stresses a message of tolerance. The site views the witch hunts in many lights and takes all of the opposing opinions and factors into consideration. It does, however, lean towards religious persecution as being the foundation for the hunts. Colorful and vivid graphics consume almost every page, accompanied by dramatic, emotional music. Even when connecting to another page or link, the transition is theatric. Your screen may close like a series of doors or like an eye slowly shutting. On the “awards” section of the page there are various links to pagan supported pages. The site includes a bibliography for all sources of which are all secondary. It has many interesting facts that contribute greatly to understanding the phenomenon.  Annotation by Peter Kizis, with Joelle Yourglivch.  

Schoeneman, Thomas. “Criticism of the Psychopathological Interpretation of Witch Hunts: A Review.” 25 March 1996. Lewis and Clark College. URL:<http://lclark.edu/~schoen/witchtext.html> (10 July 2006). 
This website was set up by located in Portland, Oregon. Dr.Schoeneman is a Professor of Psychology at Lewis and Clark College. His research interest is in mental disorders, particularly the media portrayal of the mentally ill. In this article he reviews the criticism and the decline of the psychopathological interpretations of 16th and 17th century European witch hunts. He concentrates on data collection, relevant historical research, and philosophical issues. His view can be considered that the accused witches were mentally ill. Dr. Schoeneman uses over sixty secondary sources and has meticulously researched his topic. The article is very challenging, but worthwhile. Annotation by Jonathan Grochowski

"Witchcraft Craze History: Intellectual Foundations." MSN Groups. N.d. <http://my.msnusers.com/PoeticWitches/intellectualfoundations.msnw> (10 July 2006).
This page is part of a newsgroup on MSN where pagan or non-pagan people share their poems or articles. The anonymous author does not offer what the title implies.  Instead the site explains the general topics of witchcraft separately such as the Devil, the Sabbat and what the witches were accused of doing -- with many misspellings and grammatical errors. Other links on this page lead to message boards, poems and songs and other articles about the witch hunts that seem to be written by the same author, because of the same page setup and writing format. The author does cite three secondary sources along with a link to an encyclopedia article that does not work. This site should not be used as a valid internet source because of its vagueness, poor editing, absent creation date and unknown author.  Annotation by Dana Romano.

"Witch Hunts." Open Directory Project. October 2, 2003. <http://dmoz.org/Society/History/By_Topic/Social_History/Oppression_and_Intolerance/Witch_Hunts/> (26 April 2004).
This site houses many links to different sites about the witch craze and its history. The Open Directory Project is a search engine that is maintained by volunteer editors who find good results on the web. This site goes to many links pagan/wiccan sites where authors may be biased toward believing that magic is and was real during the time of the witch hunts. There are many links to primary sources that go to court documents and parts of books, such as Malleus Maleficarum, that were written during the witch hunts. Also, there are many links about the Salem Witch Trials that could be useful to beginners that are interested in the topic and could find out some background information on what occurred. Many other links that this site houses do not work.  Annotation by Dana Romano.

Phillips, Julia "Persecution Ancient and Modern" Lady of the Earth N.d. <http://www.ladyoftheearth.com/religious/persecutiion.txt> (10 July 2006).
The site is a copy of presentation made at a Wiccan Conference. There is a bibliography discussing good source on the witch hunts. The site says that the witch hunt was the persecution of a religious minority. It was also very misogynistic, and that it singled out and persecuted women. Annotation by Joe Zubko.

Runes3@aol.com? "The Burning Times." 1998.
<http://members.aol.com/runes3/burn.htm> (10 July 2006).
This site gives a detailed description on the persecution of witches with the times that have impacted history. It gives eleven questions on what the people would look for such as birthmarks, if they liked to dance, own a pet, broom, and many other questions they would ask if being interrogated as being a witch. There are excerpts from the Malleus Maleficarum as well from Exodus in the Bible dealing with witchcraft.  There are many links to other web sites that deal with witchcraft which is good so you can compare the information. The author also gives a list of over twenty books and also gives a list of movies dealing with witchcraft.
I could not find the author. Another problem that found was that a lot of the sites had either moved or they just would not come up. Annotation by Matthew Gingo. 

Teeland, Jan. “SP3I’s Witch-Hunt Project.” Witch-Hunt Project. <http://www.vasa.gavle.se/projekt/Witch/> (10 July 2006). 
Jan Teeland, the publisher of this website, is an English teacher at Vasaskolan, a high school in Gävle, Sweden. The authors of this website are the students in Teelands’s English class who broke into groups and for five months studied the witch-hunts from five different perspectives: witch-hunting in Gävle county in the 1600s; a historical background of 17th century England, particularly Cromwell and also the Salem Witch trials; women and witch-hunting; homosexuals and witch-hunting, and the neo-nazi movement. The students chose to look at historical examples of witch-hunting and broadened the term to mean “someone who is hunted, discriminated against, or even killed because of who they are and what they believe in,” therefore including homosexuals and witch-hunts, and the neo-nazi movement. One interesting part of the website is the research and testimonies found on the witch-hunts which occurred in the student’s hometown of Gävle. While there is a wealth of information provided by the students on this site, much of it lacks citations and is researched by those with no real expertise, and the interjection of the student’s opinions. To those who are unfamiliar with the witch-hunts, this website may only perpetuate myths about the witch-hunts rather than provide scholarly research and information. Annotated by Leslie Martin.

Bessanov, Nikolay. Inquistion Art. (2003) <http://inquisition.pp.ru/index.htm> (10 July 2006).
In Russian and English, this contemporary Russian Artist presents some historical images as well as his own modern interpretations.  

Babinski, Edward T. "images of satan, demon witches and werewolves." Edward T. Babinski, Bachelor of Science, Biology (22 October 2005) <http://edwardtbabinski.us/witches/index.html> (10 July 2006).  
The author mostly writes about issues of creationism vs. evolution.  On this page he has links to some historical graphics and a few short commentaries about the witch hunts.  

Ellerbe, Helen. "Witch Hunts," from Dark Side of Christian History" Positive Atheism <http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/ellerbe1.htm>.  
In this web page, historian Helen Ellerbe focuses on the actual witch hunts that took place in Europe and how the Christian Church dealt with the issue of witches. This was a very informative source. It had a lot of information on the witch hunts as well as how witches were perceived by Christians.  For an apologetical critique (which does not add much to understanding witches, though) see http://www.tektonics.org/af/elbee.html.  Annotation by Erin Nummey.

McCabe, Joseph. "The Story of Religious Controversy, Chapter XXII: New Light on Witchcraft." The Secular Web. 1995.  <http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/religious_controversy/chapter_22.html>. (10 July 2006).
The site declares that one of its objectives is to teach tolerance, while placing a collective guilt on the Catholic and Protestant churches. McCabe wrote about this issue until his death in the 1950s. McCabe believes in the reality of witchcraft and justifies his thesis through the trials in England where torture was not applied. Throughout his argument, he tends to cite Murray and Shaw’s viewpoints for both support and to disagree with some of their contentions. This site is not scholarly but it is rather hard to understand.  Annotation by Peter Kizis. 

Flower, Lily. "The Burning Times." Mystic Corners. 26 June 1999. <http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/1870/pg.5html> (10 July 2006).
The only name on the site is Lily-Flower;  I’m guessing it’s not the author’s real name. The author is a high-school student and wrote the content as an "essay" for high school. On the awards page there was an award for the pagan teen. As a practicing Wiccan, her essay may show a favoritism to witches. Even the title " Burning Times" shows she has a bia, because it is a reference normally used by people outraged by the number of people executed for witchcraft. One inaccuracy I found was a claim that three hundred thousand people in Europe were executed, when it was more like sixty to a hundred thousand. The essay talks about a lot of topics involving witchcraft but does not go in-depth about it. There is also no reference to where she acquired her information. The site was obviously done by a beginner.  Annotation by Thomas Flanagan. 

Lady Hawkwind "The Wiccan Historian," (2002) <http://wiccanhistorian.home.att.net/histories/torture.html> (10 July 2006).  
A number of readable essays on aspects of the witch hunts by an amateur.  Written with good, but rather old sources, and with a Wiccan concern about persecution.  

Olsen, Richard. "Why the rise of Supernatural Beliefs in 17^th Century." 1992. <www.skeptic.com/01.4.olson-witches.html> (no link in 2006, perhaps will be refiled at http://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/socialforces/index.html). 
This site gives the origins of the witch hunts, and answers the questions as to how something as extreme as the witch craze could occur. Olsen's site gives a great deal of detail and accurate information along with infographics and pictures.  Annotation by Erin Nummey.

McGrath, Adrian Nicholas. "TheWitches: Myth and Reality." ParaScope. N.d. <http://www.parascope.com/en/articles/witches.htm> (30 April 2004-not linked 2006?).
ParaScope.com exists to provide information about conspiracies, cover ups and the paranormal. On this particular site it discusses the truths and myths about witchcraft.  The site is divided into five sections beginning with "Samhain and All Hallow's Eve" to explain the Celtic and pagan origins of witchcraft. Then the sections "The Burning Times" and "Father Spee and the Voice of Reason" which describe the various trial systems and punishments for those accuse of practicing the now evil witchcraft. The final section "Salem and the Legacy of the Witch" has information about what is the most commonly known time in the history of witchcraft. The final link on the page is titled "Recommended Reading" there the visitor is given a list of the books used for information on this site, but only a few links to other sites. Some good pictures, many from primary sources, decorate the pages. Annotation by Marla Moses.

Cuhulain, Kerr. “The Witches Voice.” Witch Hunts-Exposing The Lies. 1997. <http://www.witchvox.com/xwitchhunts.html> (10 July 2006). 
The Wiccan website that Kerr Cuhulain has created explores the world of pagan religions. Even without formal education credentials in this field, Cuhulain has assembled a vast amount of links to other pagan societies and websites for people to contact. The creator boasts to have “the largest listing of Witches, Pagans, Heathens, and Wiccans on the Planet." Included in the site is a question forum, links and testimony by people and various articles written by people. The site is geared towards one who has some knowledge of pagan religions. The book “Michelle Remembers” is the only primary published source cited. While this site is useful for one looking into the Wiccan culture, it does not serve a greater educational purpose. Little useful information about early modern witches, the witch hunts,or witch trials are available this site.  Annotated by Eric Calabrese.

Specific Topics

N.A. "A Heretic's Final Journey-Torture Methods." N.d. <http://dim.com/~randl/racking.htm> (10 July 2006).
A very fascinating and disturbing look at the methods of torture and execution used on accused witches. Also gives a detailed description of how the device was used, and gave illustrations for many of the devices. Probably the most comprehensive source available on the topic of torture.  Annotation by Erin Nummey.

Ehrenreich, Barbara and Deirdre English. "Witches, Midwives, and Nurses. A History of Women Healers." The Memory Hole. January 1996. URL:  <http://tmh.floonet.net/articles/witches.html> (10 July 2006).
The Memory Hole website exists to preserve and spread material that is in danger of being lost, is hard to find, or is not widely known. This essay was originally published by The Feminist Press at CUNY in 1973. The author Barbara Ehrenreich obtained a Ph.D. in biology, but decided to become a research scientist. She has become an activist for social change. The two authors adhere to the misogyny theory, arguing that women were (in 1973) treated as subservient to men in the healthcare system due to the origins of the witch persecutions. The authors incorrectly state from secondary sources that the number of witches put to death was in the millions, when in reality it was some where between 50,000-200,000. The authors use sixteen secondary sources, and mention that this essay is based on a feminist interpretation of the Malleus Maleficarum. Written over thirty tears ago this essay has some historical value, but historians have disproved its argument about witch hunts focusing on midwives. Annotation by Jonathan Grochowski.

Bohak , Gideon. "Traditions of Magic in Late Antiquity" December 1995. 
<http://www.lib.umich.edu/pap/magic/intro.html> (30 April 2004).
Bohak was the curator of this exhibition in the Special Collections Library in the University of Michigan Library.  This page is a tour and overview of his exhibit. He provides source citation and acknowledgments at the bottom of his page. He first deals with recipe books about how they were originally created, on what type of paper and what was in them. The next chapter describes protective magic, amulets and gems:  what they are, how to use them and what they are used for. He gives pictures with detailed descriptions about where they are from and what they are used for. Babylonian Demon Bowls is the next topic. The last part deals with aggressive magic and tells its origins and what it is used for. The page has subcategories describing both protective and aggressive magic. The author has an extensive bibliography and provides footnotes at the bottom of each page.  This page is helpful to anyone looking to find pictures and information on magical amulets, gems, spells or primary sources on magic. Annotation by Matthew Gingo, with Marla Moses.

Bar Ilan, Meir. "Witches in the Bible and in the Talmud." (22 Jun2 1999). <http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~barilm/witches.html> (10 July 2006).
The author of this site is a senior lecturer at the Talmud Department and the Jewish History Department of Bar-Ilan University in Israel. In his essay, he wants to examine the female aspect of Jewish witchcraft in the ancient era. He states his objection for collecting this data as to examine historical witchcraft among the Jewish people, but more importantly, to examine the female social aspect of this occupation. He also makes it clear that even though he might look at the "witchcraft world" as nonsense, he does believe that it is a key link to the attitude of male and female ways in ancient times.
This essay breaks down women in different eras and how they were perceived by the public. The first is the Bible, followed by women in Apocrypha, and finally, women witches in Talmud. In the first part, Bar Ilan goes straight to the Bible and quotes many passages to show a point that the thoughts of supernatural and things caused by "super powers" started since the beginning of time. The second part of the essay, Women in Apocrypha, gets most of its information from Enoch I (the Ethiopian). This book was written before some of the Biblical works were actually written. Its main point centers around how angels taught mankind witchcraft, so actually the first witches must have been women. The third part in this essay, Women Witches in Talmud, is the most in- depth. He explores the centuries before the Common Era and points out that Jews were always looked upon as having some sort of "special powers". He uses such sources as Mishnah Abot 2:7, to give stories about women being accused of witchcraft and what they have been involved in. This also talks about most typical circumstances that witches would be involved in, such as preventing babies from being born or sacraficing them to the Devil, or something like incense burning. It also dives into the teaching of R. Simeon bar Yohai, who believed most Jewish daughters were witches and that the "best in women were witches". The site is limited to this one topic.  Annotation by David Ruggles.  

Kelsos. "Witch Hunting and Population Policy," The Christian Heritage. 10 October 2000.   <http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/3612/witches.html> (draft)
(10 July 2006).
The Christian Heritage tells people about the bad things done by the church, " an incredible amount of bloodshed, human sacrifice, fighting, humiliation, and misery." This particular page asserts that the witch hunts were an attempt by the church to curb population growth.  The essay deals with four main questions: Was there a rationale, a political goal, behind the promotion of the witch hunts by the authorities, What was the major impact of the witch hunts on the European and Colonial Christian societies, Is the era of witch hunting past history, or are there remaining influences in today's societies, and What, if any, are the connections between sexual aspects of witchcraft and the witch hunts on the one hand, and the value systems promoted by the Christian authorities and theologians on the other? 
One of this biased sites' main points was that women considered witches were prosecuted because they could provide contraception.  The author also touches upon the impact neo-pagan religions had on the witch hunts. The site provides a very extensive bibliography that could be used for further research. I would recommend the site to an advanced audience looking for a novel bases of the witch hunts. Annotation by Clark Gallo, with Steve Matusiewicz.

Dowling, Dean R. "Witch Hunts and the Christian Mentality." Atheist Foundation of Australia, Inc. <http://www.atheistfoundation.org.au/witchhunts.htm> (10 July 2006).
Dean R. Dowling, a member of the Atheist Foundation of Australia, Inc., provides no information on himself or this publication. Dowling has published many other essays linked to the Atheist Foundation’s website, including Infallible Religious Beliefs, Creation Science, and Christian Morality. Dowling’s purpose for this site is manifested through the Atheist Foundation’s goal, “to offer information in place of superstition and reason in place of faith,” in which Dowling uses specific examples from the Christian tradition to expose its flaws regarding the attitudes and treatment toward women in history and the witch-hunts. The atheist perspective, of course, uses the Christian Bible text against the Christians and blames them for the witch hunts. The author questions of the Virgin Mary's virginity using biblical passages to support his theories, as well as writing a brief paragraph describing the Malleus Maleficarum. He lists five excuses that Christians use in an apologetic fashion for what happened, such as, the mad delusion of the persecutors came from the Satan.  The atheists do not believe the witchcraft is real, but merely a figment of the imagination of the Christian Church. Dowling seeks to denounce Christianity by citing how mistranslations of The Bible from Hebrew to Greek caused many to build false beliefs, as well as quoting several famous Christians such as St. Augustine, Tertullian, and St. Thomas Aquinas and their negative attitudes toward women. Much of the information included on this website lacks proper citations and thus requires further research to ensure its validity. The value of this site is fairly basic, simple and limited. Annotation by Lori Castiglione with Leslie Martin.

Dashu, Max. Suppressed Histories Archives. November 2000. <http://www.suppressedhistories.net/index.html> (10 July 2006).
Max Dashu is an independent scholar who founded the Suppressed Histories Archives in 1970. On the main page there are five links: "Suppressed Histories", "Articles and Reviews", "Secret History of the Witches", "Suppressed Histories", "Slide Series" and "About Max Dashu". The information contained in this site does not really relate to the Witch Hunts, but rather to women in ancient history. Of the twenty-five links listed under the "Secret History of the Witches" page only seven are working. The information on in these links pertaining to witches is relating to dates that are from B.C. and to around A.D. 500 – 600. There are a few minor references to the 1300 and 1400’s but not enough to search the site for only one of the seven, Xorguinas Y. Celestinas is the only link relevant, concerning Spain about 1400-1500. There are some nice graphics to look at but it does not make reading the information any easier. Only someone with a serious interest in the history of women would wade through the long articles. I was not impressed with this site and will not return to it.  Annotation by Sandra Silvey.

Lienhard, John H. "Rye Ergot and Witches." The Engines of Our Ingenuity. September 1997. <http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1037.htm> (10 July 2006).
"The Engines of Our Ingenuity" is a nationally broadcasted radio program produced by KUHF-FM Houston. which focuses on how human creativity. This is one in a series of many installments which appear to offer a new perspective on popular myths and beliefs that people shared throughout history. This program was written and hosted by a Professor of Mechanical Engineering and History at the University of Houston. 
This website is purely based on scientific theory, that rye ergot, which is a hallucinogenic fungus on bread, played a significant role in the witch hunts. In a few short paragraphs, Lienhard connects things such as the "Dance of Death" with spasms suffered from rye ergot. Lienhard only uses as a source Poisons of the Past by M.K. Matossian  ( Yale University Press). This site is those interested in this specific aspect of the witch hunts. Annotation by Mark Pisano, with Kris Januzzi.

Rain. "Rain on the '9 million slain' myth" Goddess Knotwork. 10 March 19 95. <http://goddess.knotwork.com/(nobg)/articles/9mil.spider> (10 July 2006).  
This site was set up by the Lonely Quest Anti-Disinformation Squad in an attempt to clear up the myth of how many people were killed in the witch hunts. The author is not a historical expert. The author clearly seems to believe in witch craft, but does a fair job of trying to stick to the facts and use historical sources for the site. The page does not contain that much in the way of data about the witch hunts.  The page does contain an annotated bibliography. Goddess Knotwork on Wicca has few links that work.  I would not recommend the use of this site for any serious research into the witch hunts. Annotation by Clark Gallo.

Links are arbitrarily ranked in rough order of usefulness, from top to bottom, within each category.
Geographically Specific Topics
Germany |  Britain | Scandinavia | Salem & America

Scandinavia

Nenonen, Marko, and Kervinen, Timo. "Witchcraft, magic and witch trials in Finland." 1992. <http://www.chronicon.com/noita/index.en.html> (27 November 2001).
Kervinen, a lawyer and criminologist, and Nenonen, with a Ph.D. from the University of Tampere (1992) where he is a Docent in Finnish History, wanted to provide the best-known evidence about witchcraft, magic and witch trials in Finland. All of the information presented is based on scholarly works and on the critical analysis of original (primary) sources. In this site both men state that their intention is to meet the best moral and intellectual standards in maintaining these pages. These pages synopsize the hunts between 1500 and 1700, when over 2000 charges against people were brought. Nenonen states that witchcraft in Finland was not primarily associated with the female gender or the lower rungs of society: more than half of the accused were men, and the majority of those charged were people of considerable wealth ( farmers and their wives, and in towns, burghers or their wives). As for such beliefs as the Devil’s Sabbath and diabolism, the Finnish clergy and the learned elite discredited this until the 1660’s. One page also has information about Finnish shamans and the tools that they used work their magic including the lappish drum.  This site provides numerous links, varying from general surveys of different areas to very narrow topics such as the logistics of specific trials. One such example of a specific topic discussed is the number of charges (2,000) brought against people in Finland between 1520-1750 for sorcery.  The authors claim that this site is appropriate for anyone over the age of twelve, but there are also many scholarly links contained in this site that would be more appropriate for someone with more of a background in the subject.  Some parts of the site are written in Finnish. Annotation by Kristopher Atkinson, with Joe Zubko.

Hagen, Rune. "The Witches Sabbath at Yuletide." Rune Hagen Hjemmeside. 1997. <http://www.ub.uit.no/fag/historie/christma.htm> (10 November 2001).
Information about the author because it was in Norwegian;  this one page was translated into English by Mark Ledingham.  It is mainly based on primary sources such as old legal documents from Finnmark and tells the story of Mari Jorgensdatter who was an accused witch. She was reported to have met with the devil, fly, and hold Sabbaths with other witches on Christmas eve. She was also accused of causing a storm three years previously that killed ten fishermen. She confessed to all of these accusation in court. The confessions were obtained because the authorities used the "swimming the witch" method of torture.  The page is also includes  the story of Ane Larsdatter, who was tortured and confessed to the crimes. This site also has a section titled "Satan in the North" explains the idea that Satan lived in the northern regions of the world. This would mean that Satan would have more influence on witches in the north because he was closer. Overall, this site is accurate and is interesting and valuable to the beginner and advanced persons. Annotation by Mark Pisano.

N.A. "The Witch-hunts in Iceland." Icelandic Sorcery and Witchcraft.
<http://www.vestfirdir.is/galdrasyning/witch-hunts.html> (11 November 2001).
This site describes an exhibition on the occult held in Holmavik in Strandir, Iceland. Furthermore, the site gives information about the region's history with regard to witchcraft and sorcery. There is no author given anywhere on the site, but the web designer is Sig Atlas. The author writes that the witch craze in Iceland was the direct result of Danish and German semi-nobles bringing European ideas and treatises about witchcraft with them to the island.  The idea that the Icelandic witch "craze" was an unwanted European import sounds a bit like shirking responsibility and pointing a finger at the Continent. Still, the hunts here differed from those in Europe in three main ways: heresy and Satanism were hardly mentioned, there's no evidence that torture was ever used to secure confessions, and just 10% of the accused were female. 
Between 1625 and 1683, 170 Icelanders were accused of witchcraft, courts have records of 130 trials, and 21 people were burned alive (only 1 was a woman). It is important to remember that the modest numbers take on additional weight since the population of Iceland at the time was only c.15,000. The main charges levied against Icelandic witches were making people/livestock ill, being in possession of grimoires and goldrastafir (magical signs/staves), waking the dead, and healing with magic. Some accusations mentioned blasphemy, but it was seldom the sole accusation, usually appearing in conjunction with other charges. As on the Continent, the accused were mainly lower class, but some sheriffs and clergymen were accused also (though never physically punished).  The page is perhaps more helpful if one has a background in the European hunts.  Annotation by Jennifer York.

Germany

Nix, Dietmar. "The Witch Hunt." Arbeitskreis Zeitgeiststudien. (April 2000).
<http://geschichte.cjb.cc/hexen/e-index.htm> (10 July 2006). 
This web site is German, and the English translations are at times poorly done and difficult to understand.  Certain sections of the site do not even have English versions. Still, there is useful information here for one seeking to get a German perspective on the German witch "hysteria." Although there is no information on Nix’s qualifications, the website provides a wide-range of information including the definition of the witch trials; the time frame in which the trials took place; information on the victims and hunters; as well as the role of superstition and the church in the hunts.
The site also clears up several misconceptions, such as confusion over the number of casualties ( about 20,000 over 200 years in Germany), or that the Catholic Inquisition was responsible for more witch trials than the Protestant churches ( both groups were involved to a fairly equal percentage, and the secular courts did much more). 
Nix includes an internal search engine on the website using keywords to navigate through and find relevant information on one’s study. Another feature of the site includes an extensive, downloadable, bibliography of nearly 3,500 entries dealing with sources and literature on magic and witchcraft. Unique to this website is a picture archive containing thousands of portraits of rulers, victims, and prosecutors along with a short history of each and their birth and death dates. Nix also includes a text archive of downloadable source literature. A forum allows visitors to the site to contribute theories about the cause of the hunts, unfortunately the postings have not been translated from German. The links available at the bottom of the page also lead to sites that are German. A fun feature of this site is a little game called "You Are Accused," which gives the reader a chance to see how he/she would've fared if stood accused of witchcraft. Given the extensive amount of information available on this website, it serves as a tool to both beginners and scholars in the study of witchcraft alike. Annotation by Jennifer York with Leslie Martin. 

Knauth, Michael. Der Haga-Page (29 May 2005) <http://www.haga-page.de/index.html>  (10 July 2006). Written (in German) by an amateur sympathetic with the victims of the hunts.  It includes brief descriptions and pictures about aspects of the hunts.  

Britain

Bunn, A. W. Ivan. "The Lowestoft Witches." 2005? Lowestoft Witches. <http://www.lowestoftwitches.com/> (10 July 2006).  
This site offers detailed information on  the trial of the Lowestoft Witches, namely Amy Denny and Rose Cullender who were executed in 1660. Based on the book by Gilbert Geis and Bunn, A Trial of Witches (London: Routledge, 1997), the site offers the text of the best primary source, with hyperlinks to pages explaining legal terms and presenting biographical details of participants.  Go to "Click here to follow the trial of the Lowestoft Witches."  [B.A.P.] 

Hoggard, Brian. "Folk Magic in Britain." Apopotraios. ( 2005). <http://www.apotropaios.co.uk/> (10 July 2006).
Brian Hoggard published this site as his Ph.D. project. Hoggard relies mainly on the work of Ralph Merrifield, an expert in the field of folk magic, as the basis for the information on his site. The page does not focus on spells and witchcraft itself, but rather the artifacts that remain from the era that are linked to witchcraft. Items, such as Witch-bottles (which were used as anti-spell charms), dried cats, children’s shoes, horse skulls, and even some written charms have been found hidden in homes and buildings dating back to the 14th and 15th centuries. This site explains why they are there, and their significance, using pictures to show the reader exactly what is being talked about. There are comprehensive links on the page, and they provide a good start for research on the European hunts. 
This site was well composed, easy to read, and it provided clear examples and essential history. It is a very good site to visit, because the links alone are a very useful tool in discovering the truth behind the witch-hunts.  See also "The Archeology of Folk Magic." White Dragon. <http://www.whitedragon.org.uk/articles/folk.htm>. Annotation by Brian Hazlak, with Steve Matusiewicz.

Allen, Greg Dawson. "Aberdeen’s Charmers and the Scottish Play." Leopard: The Magazine for North-East Scotland. <http://www.leopardmag.co.uk/feats/witches.html> (26 April 2004). 
The writer of the article of the website is an award winning playwright.  He has some education in Gaelic from the University of the Highlands and Islands, but no specific credentials on witches. The article briefly chronicles the witchcraft persecution of a woman, Janet Wishart, in the town of Aberdeen, Scotland. Also included is the trial of Alexander Brodie of Gowdie, Scotland. This site is offers an interesting overview of these specific trials. Annotation by Eric Calabrese. 

Davies, Owen. "Witchcraft and Magic History," January 1, 2000. <http://www.btinternet.com/~kariastri/ohome.htm> (20 November 2001).
Davies, who attended Lancaster University for his Ph.D., has also published two books concerning witchcraft: Witchcraft, Magic and Culture 1736-1951 and A People Bewitched: Witchcraft and Magic in 19th Century Somerset in 1999.  Although he does not believe in the actual witchcraft, he speaks of the social conditions in England and explains the occurrences of the witch hunts in England. His information is very well researched using primary and secondary source materials. He also includes a series of articles concerning witchcraft and also provides several useful links to other witchcraft-oriented sites. He gave a brief biography, yet failed to mention his name. Overall, his site is quite scholarly and is appropriate for an advanced audience, or someone that has some background on witchcraft or the witch hunts. Annotation by Lori Castiglione.

“The Pendle Witches.” Lancashire Grid for Learning. 2003. <http://www.lancsngfl.ac.uk/curriculum/literacy/lit_site/html/non_fiction/pendle_witches/index.htm> (February 6, 2004).http://www.lancsngfl.ac.uk/curriculum/literacy/lit_site/html/non_fiction/pendle_witches/index.htm
This site is part of a literacy activities site for teachers in Lancashire schools in the U.K. to have a better quality curriculum that involves resources that are technologically advanced and online for students in their classrooms. This site talks about the witches in Lancaster, England, only about the trials in 1612. There are photographs of the areas where witches lived that were accused. It gives brief background information about the key people involved with witchcraft accusations, such as James VI, as well as the accused themselves. Because of this brief information, this site could be useful to early beginners who want to learn basic background information about the Pendle Witches. Also, the author seems to blame the Puritans for the witch trials because it says they did not help the poor women and that is why the poor women made threats. There is also a paragraph about Shakespeare’s play Macbeth about witches and how he would want to perform it before James VI, because it "appealed to James' superstitions."  Annotation by Dana Romano.

Gunn Robert M. “How tales and beliefs of witchcraft and demons came to Scotland” Witchcraft in Medieval Scotland. 1995, 2003 <http://members.aol.com/skyelander/witch1.html > (3/16/04).
This site is dedicated to witchcraft in Medieval Scotland. The author, who has a M.A. in History, openly admits to not believing in witchcraft, but states that people in the past did. His article describes causes for the witch-hunt craze in the area, and openly discounts Christianity as the sole cause of the event. He also states that the hunts were not an attempt by the church to eradicate all other religions from the area. While the site is aimed at a narrow topic and does not offer links to further research its subject matter, it does cite reference material including three primary sources and a large number of secondary sources that can be found at the readers discretion to continue.  Annotation by Jeremy Kattner.  

Gent Frank J. "The Trial of the Bideford Witches." Exeter Synagogue/Forwards. 1982/ 1998. <http://www.eclipse.co.uk/exeshul/bidefordwitches> (15 February 2004).
Gent first wrote a pamphlet on this hunt in 1982  to provide an analysis and understanding of the events of the Bideford trial in their wider social and historical context. Marianne Hester's citation in Wenches, Wantons and Witches  and a renewed interest in his book in 1998 prompted him to publish online. The author has a B.A. in European Studies from Exeter University, a M.A. English Local History from Leicester University and a P.G.C.E. History, Integrated Studies from Southampton University. Contacted via email the author said, "I do not believe in witchcraft or practice it. I am interested in witchcraft persecutions because of the parallels with the persecution of Jews in history - my mother's family is Jewish, and she was a refugee from persecution in WWII."  The site does an excellent job of giving the reader new insights into the trials,  the last recorded trials in England. Various pages include: Seventeenth-century Bideford, The Justices' Inquiry, Witchcraft beliefs in the late Seventeenth Century, The Symptoms, The Trial at Exeter Assizes, The Execution, Aftermath. Unfortunately, few links actually connect to the websites and the most important links do not work. It seems as Gent built the site and has done little to update it since then. This site is useful to begin a search of information on this individual witch trial, as only a brief synopsis of what occurred is included in the site.  Annotation by Clark Gallo, with Eric Calabrese. 

Lorinda. “Witch-hunts of Scotland: How the trial of Dr. Fian Began a New Craze”. Wolf Singers Homepage. 13 February 1998. URL: <http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/2891/witches.html> (28 April 2004).
This website was created by Lorinda (no last name mentioned), who goes by the alias Wolf Singer, a full time mother and part time student at Fresno State University. This website is dedicated to some of her many interests such as family, history term papers, and wolves. The title of the paper is a bit misleading because of the small part Dr.Fian plays in the paper. Dr.Fian is one of a group of conspirators who was accused of witchcraft by King James VI of Scotland, later King James I of England (d. 1625). The author provides seven secondary sources, and also mentions King James' study of witchcraft, Daemonlogie, which was published in 1597. The trial of Dr. Fian and his alleged co-conspirators in 1591 led King James to consider witchcraft an evil that threatened his Calvinist faith, but more importantly his kingdom. Lorinda argues that King James eventually regretted his view on witchcraft, but most commoners had accepted his initial beliefs and were unwilling to change their hostility directed towards the accused. This content is basic and limited to this specific hunt. Annotation by Jonathan Grochowski.

National Geographic Society. "National Geographic: Salem – Online Witch-Hunt Game." Salem Witchcraft Hysteria. 1997. <http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/salem/> (30 April 2004).
The National Geographic’s web site on the witchcraft hysteria in Salem, Massachusetts was created by their organization for educational purposes. It teaches an important part of history in a creative, interactive way. Peter Winkler, who authored the story based on actual events leading to and about the Salem witch trials, worked with several other contributors to make the web site exceptional. Concept and Navigation Design by Matt Owens featured characteristics that allowed the viewer to interact as he read the story.  The site guides the reader through witch trial while offering information about actual accused witches and other prominent figures of the time, using quotations from people involved, factual information and secondary sources.  Though this site is targeted at a beginner audience, it is creative enough and luring enough to attract even an expert.  Annotation by Sarah McKelvy.

Linder, Douglas. " Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692," Famous Trials. 2001. 
<http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/salem.html> (14 November 2001).
The site was produced by Douglas Linder, a Professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School of Law. This page offers many different areas of famous trials such as the Rosenberg Trials, the Nuremberg Trials and the Salem Witch Trials just to name a few. This site is very detailed with links to many other sites. There is a chronology of the events that happened, pictures, biographies, arrest warrants, examinations and evidence, petitions of the accused witches, death warrants, a list of the dead, as well as other links to other sites.
The accuracy is very good because he used actual records of the trials and documents. In the content of the page he gives detailed biographies and pictures of the key figures of the times. It tells about their occupations and how their jobs effected the witch trials. There are pictures of the arrest warrants with a translation of the writing.  This site is a "must see" if you are looking for information on the Salem witch trials. Annotation by Matthew Gingo.  

Heyrman, Christine Leigh. "Witchcraft in Salem Village: Intersections of Religion and Society." National Humanities Center. October 2000. 
<http://www.nhc.rtp.nc.us:8080/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/salemwc.htm> (28 November 2001).
This site exists as an online resource for teachers who are planning to use Salem as a topic in their high school classroom. The organization responsible for this page being on the Internet is the National Humanities Center, which is an independent organization for advanced studies in the humanities. 
The author, who was a fellow at NHC in 1986-87,  is currently Professor of History in the Department of History at the University of Delaware and the author of several books.  The information included on this particular site is very inclusive and accurate, from the standpoint of scholars working on the witch-hunts.  The site has links to different authors’ works, and these act as a guide to the person who comes here. The setup of the page is simple to follow, and the links supplement the information that is there to give one a complete understanding, from many different points of view.  This page is very useful to any person who wants to do some follow up research on the Salem Witch Trials.  Annotation by Brian Hazlak.

Burns, Margo. " 17th c. Colonial New England, with special emphasis on the Salem Witch Trials of 1692." Ogram's Website. 7 October 2001. <http://www.ogram.org/17thc/index.shtml> (9 November 2001).
Margo Burns, the great (x10) granddaughter of Rebecca Nurse, an accused witch in Salem 1692, created this website. Ogram’s 17th century New England Links is a compilation of numerous essays and documents by various contributors about the goings-on of the particular time period in New England, with a special concentration on the Salem Witch Hunts. Many of the articles were written by Burns herself, who holds a great fascination for that historical time.  Other essays she posts are written by people holding different views and possessing different educational backgrounds. In one of her articles, Burns even warns to use discretion when reading the posted material. For example, one link to an article called "Dance with the Devil" was cluttered with fictional, colorful detail to enhance the story, but only to detract from its credibility. However, most articles were written from the perspective that witches are real and offered very fact-based information. This is not surprising since the Puritans themselves believed in witches for Biblical reasons. 
Burns uses of a multitude of primary sources, including pages from Increase Mather’s "Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits." She also offers an extensive bibliography for the serious researcher. From beginner to expert, this site is well worthwhile. Annotation by Sarah McKelvy.

Deanna, a.k.a. Midnyte Rose. "The History of Witchcraft and the Salem Witchcraft Trials." 1998-1999. <www.angelfire.com/mi/WitchHistoryReport>. ( 30 April 2004).  
The author describes her site as "my term paper that I had written in [high] school this year." Deanna’s two-part essay on the history of witchcraft and its bibliography, also links to her personal information pages. The essay is typical of what one might expect of a high school student: under-researched, replete with sweeping generalizations, and quite anti-Christian. This bias leads her to rely heavily upon Wiccan and pagan websites for her research (http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/4885/index.html, http://paganism.com/ag/index2.html, http://www.celticcrow.com/).  She gives the exaggerated figure of nine million torture victims of the witchcraft trials; she offers Christianity as static and monolithic throughout the medieval period; and she takes a very simplistic view of the causes of witchcraft trials.  Another theme of the essays is an attempt to link ancient earth-magic practices to modern-day Wiccans. This fails, especially in regard to the Salem trials. No modern Wiccan claims to do what those in Salem were convicted of.  Misspellings and typographical errors are many. The design of the site, while a bit oppressive in its brown velvet-like background and red and blue lettering, is not difficult to read. Upon opening the homepage, midi music begins to play; it can be silenced by clicking a button. Navigation, while a bit precious in its use of flowers to click on, is easy and logical. Many of the links in the bibliography are dead.  Annoying popup windows plague the page.  Annotation by John Fitzpatrick.  

Sutter, Tim. "Salem Witch Trials." Nov. 2001. <http://www.salemwitchtrials.com/index.html> (26 April 2004). 
Tim Sutter, creator of this page, visited the city of Salem and became engrossed with the subject of the Salem witch trials.  On the main page there are thirteen links: "Salem Witchcraft", "Trial Transcripts", "Your Thoughts", "The Afflicted", "The Accused", "The Victims", "Biographies", "Salem Quiz", "Chatroom", "Timeline", "Books", "FAQs", and "Email". "Salem Witchcraft" is an overview of the events that took place before during and after the trials;  primary and secondary sources were used. "Trial Transcripts" is a very useful page: there are twenty trial transcripts to read and there are also a couple of letters. These primary sources would be interesting for anyone. "Your Thoughts" is  where readers can post their thoughts about the site or the Salem Witch Trials. "The Afflicted", "The Accused", and "The Victims" are lists. "Biographies" provides information about some of the people involved in these cases. "Salem Quiz" is a page where you can find out how much of the information you have retained. The "Chatroom" was not working. "Timeline" was just that a chronological list of the events. "Books" has two lists of books on the Salem Witch Trials, one for children and another for adults. "FAQ" had some general questions about the dates and people involved in the witch trials with very short answers. The site has received notice from the University of Virginia, CourtTV.com, CBS News and the Discovery Channel. Other then the transcripts, the site seems geared mainly to young students.  Annotation by Sandra Silvey, with Eric Calabrese.

Emrys, Wendilyn. “A Preliminary Examination of the People of the Salem Witchcraze and ‘The Crucible”.Bloodthirsty.com. May 1997. URL: <http://www.bloodthirsty.com/salem.html> (10 February 2004).
Wendilyn Emrys graduated from UCLA with a degree in History, and contributes historical term papers to the website. In her analysis of the Salem witch craze, Emrys thinks a political/social conflict within the village of Salem that led to accusations of witchcraft. She dismisses the theory of ergot poisoning and the delusion theory, which could explain the accusers's behavior. She compares the Salem witch trials to Arthur Miller’s play “The Crucible,” which was a parable about McCarthyism. Emrys uses three secondary sources for her information and they give an insightful background into the psyche of the village. She also includes a letter from Lieutenant Governor William Phips, a letter from the accused John Proctor. This website does not have much historical information, but Wendilyn Emrys paper does provide a good starting point for a beginner who is seeking background information on the Salem witch trials. Annotation by Jonathan Grochowski

Lamb, Annette & Johnson, Larry. “The Topic: Salem Witch Trials,” October 2002. <http://www.42explore.com/salemwitch.htm> (30 April 2004).
This site is dedicated as a research base for teachers/students of any level to begin their research on the Salem Witch Trials. There is a small overview of the event by the creator of the site, but the site’s real value comes in the form of its extensive number of links (this site is included among the numerous links). These links and a brief synopsis of the content of each site are shown in a long list. While this site is dedicated to Salem, many links lead to other witch hunt sites. It is also a good site to find develop a topic for a research paper because the links allow for a broad topic search on issues directly involving the witch hunts.  Annotation by Jeremy Kattner.

Mercado, L. Monica. "Elements of the 17th century Witch-Hunts in New England, or The Unfortunate Realization of Mary Staples." Spring 1998. Topics in Early American Culture. <http://www.columbia.edu/~mm843/main.html> (27 November 2001).
Mercado, a student at Barnard College, built this site as a project for a seminar on Early American Material Culture,  her first class on this subject.
A majority of her information comes from John Demos’ "Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England" and David Hall’s edition of "Witch-Hunting in 17th Century New England." Mercado does discuss several common theories of with-hunts. She states that many hunts lasted as long as they did because of complex gatherings of rumor, suspicion, and observations stemming from other accused witches, neighborly quarrels, appearance of the witch’s mark, and also items in homes that appeared to be from the devil.  Mercado draws quotes from these secondary sources, which were taken directly from the three trials that this site deals with. If someone were first getting introduced to the witch-hunts this would be a good site for them to look at. Annotation by Kristopher Atkinson.

N.A. "What About Witches?" Salem Massachusetts: The City Guide. 11 February 2004. <http://salemweb.com/guide/witches.htm> (30 April 2004).
This page is a sub-link from the Salem, Massachusetts city guide website. Since the witch trials were such an integral part of Salem's history, it has made the city a tourist attraction.  The "What About Witches" section of the Salem Massachusetts homepage does not include an author.  The information on the site is limited, admitting it is only a brief introduction. There is a brief description of the trials in Salem as well as several quotes from people who lived through them. There are several pictures of interest in Salem such as gravesites, memorials and historical houses. It give definitions, locations of historic sites pertaining to the witch trials such as Jonathan Corwin's home known as the Witch House, John Hathorn's tomb called Old Burying Point, The Peabody Essex Museum, and the Salem Witch Trials Tercentenary Memorial. The most useful part of the page is the list of further reading on the subject.  There are lins to the Witches League of Public Awareness, W.E.B. (the Witches Education Bureau), and P.R.A.N.C.E. (the Pagan Resource and Network Council of Educator).  Annotation by Jennifer Levisky, with Marla Moses.

Schoeneman, Thomas J. " Criticisms of the Psychopathological Interpretation of Witch Hunts: A Review." 25 March 1996. <http://www.lclark.edu/~schoen/witchtext.html> (14 November 2001).
Schoeneman is a Psychology professor at Lewis and Clark College of Portland, Oregon. He aims to explain how thought about demonology interacted with psychiatry in understanding the witch hunts.  This site is different in that it deals with the psychological aspect of the witch hunts rather than the historical view. He works with some problems of data collection and interpretation, relevant historical research, and philosophical issues that surround the topic.  He references sixty-three different sources.  This site is for a very-educated person who wants to get in-depth information in the psychological view of the witch hunts.  Annotation by Matthew Gingo.  

Behling, Susanne. "Accused of Witchcraft." Notable Women Ancestors. 1997. <http://www.rootsweb.com/~nwa/witch.html> (November 27, 2001).
Susanne Behling created the Notable Women Ancestors site.  The women accused of witchcraft were mostly from the United States, especially from the Salem Witch Trials. An exception, one Helen Duncan, lived during World War II and was accused of being a witch because the British feared that her divining skills were so good that she might have been a spy or that she could have figured out the day of the Normandy landing. The site includes a petition for her posthumous pardon. The actual stories are written by a number of different people for whom credentials are not always available other than that they claim to be descendants of the witches. There are several pictures and graphics, mostly paintings of witches or trials. There are also links to other sites about witchcraft including several pages about the Salem Witch Trials. This page has value only to someone who needs a starting point from which to study women accused of witchcraft. Annotation by Jennifer Levisky. 

"Witchcraft - America." 17thCenturyNet.net.  <http://www.17thcenturynet.net/17.witchcrafts.page.1.html>  (10 July 2006).  
A few pages (only 3 so far) of annotated links, mostly do do with Salem.

Mary. "Mary Bradbury's Trial." My Cellar Down-Under. 1 April 1997. <http://hometown.aol.com/MaryARoots/trial.index.html>.  (28 November 2001).
Mary, a descendant of two central figures in the Salem witch trials, and despite her interest in geneology, curiously enough, does not provide her last name. The site provides information concerning the trial of Mary Bradbury directly from the the Essex County archives. A link to the Putnam family traces the family line of the Bradbury’s. This site gives various samples of specific dialogue in regard to the trial of Mary Bradbury. Annotation by Peter Kizis.

Lowman, Ashley E. "Salem Witch Trials." Religious Movements. 2 March 2001 http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/salem.html> (30 April 2004).  
This is a page of mostly links to sources for information on religion and the witch hunts of Salem. It has a complete bibliography that cites all the sources consulted to compile the site and provides information on the religious influence of the persecution of "witches" during the 1692 witch scare in Salem. Massachusetts.  Annotation by Marla Moses.

"Cornell University Library Witchcraft Collection." Cornell University Library. <http://historical.library.cornell.edu/witchcraft/index.html>.(10 February 2005).
Full-text reprints online of numerous primary sources concerning the witch hunts.

Halsall, Paul. "Medieval Sourcebook." <http://www.fordham.edu/hastall/source/witches1.html>.
This site, compiled by a Fordham University Professor, presents translations of official documents concerning witchcraft:  Innocent VIII's bull summis desiderantes; an excerpt from Nider, and another from the Malleus Maleficarum. An introduction gives some interpretation of these documents and how they were significant at the time.  Annotation by Erin Nummey. 

Lovelace, Wicasta and Christie Rice, transcribers.  "The Malleus Maleficarum." Windhaven Network, Inc. 2001. <www.malleusmaleficarum.org> (7 December 2001).  
This site includes the text to this most famous witch-hunter's manual online (and in various downloadable formats), along with a few brief commentaries. The site also provides a summation written by Edo Nyland along with introductions to two early editions published in 1928 and 1948. The Malleus Maleficarum is a primary source of the inquisition, which shows what some people of 15th-Century Europe believed.  Annotation by Joe Zubko.

"Witchcraft" Electronic Exhibition, Rare Books, University of Sydney Library. 7 February 2005. <http://www.library.usyd.edu.au/libraries/rare/witchcraft/witchome.html> (10 February 2005).
Brief descriptions with pictures of many primary sources about witches.  

Lummer, Frank et al. "Early Modern Europe: The Witch Hunts" Hanover College Internet Archive of Texts and Documents. 25 October 1999. <http://history.hanover.edu/early/wh.html> (28 November 2001).
  This site is part of Hanover College’s Internet Archive of Texts and Documents, which contains material related to the Italian Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Reformation, China, and Japan. The site has not been updated in two years; an explanation on the site states that the students and faculty were unable to keep up with the work. The site presents selections of documents relating to witchcraft prosecutions without editorial comment. A very serious problem is that many of the links to the documents are dead; this seems to be due to the suspension of work on the site. Most of the Hanover Project’s links are to primary source material, but all taken from George Lincoln Burr’s The Witch Persecutions ( Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1907; reprint, 1971). The sixteen secondary source links all lead to places within the "JSTOR" site (http://www.jstor.org) which requires a subscription for viewing.  While the site offers an interesting selection of some primary sources, it suffers greatly from its dead links and interrupted work. Annotation by John Fitzpatrick.

Ray, Benjamin. "Salem Witch Trials Documentary Arcive and Transcription Project." University of Virginia. 2000. <http://etext.virginia.edu/salem/witchcraft/> (15 February 2005). 
This site is sponsored by the Electronic Text Center, Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, Special Collections Department, and the Geospatial and Statistical Data Center at the University of Virginia, in conjunction with the Boston Public Library, Danvers Archival Center, Peabody Essex Museum, Massachusetts Archives, and the Massachusetts Historical Society.  All of the links lead to sites that involve the Danvers and its past when it was known as Salem Village. Maps, copies of documents, texts material by Increase Mather and John Hale (as collected by George Lincoln Burr) and frequently asked questions, all good links for any one looking to do research about Salem Village. The web page cites the information very well, including days and years when the citation was written.  See also Links on Witchcraft, Magic & Religion by Christopher C. Fennell <http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/users/fennell/highland/harper/religlink.html>. Annotation by Thomas Flanagan. 

N.A. "Witch Hunt." Monstrous.com. N.d. < http://witches.monstrous.com/witch_hunt.htm > (30 April 2004).
This site is provided by Monstrous.com which provides information, merchandise and multimedia on the supernatural with pages on werewolves, vampires, ghosts, demons, zombies and aliens. It provides historical information, information on modern day witchcraft, pictures, and even games. While the site design leads visitors to believe it is merely a fun site on the macabre and the novelty of witchcraft it does provide information on the actual practice of magic through WICCA and pagans. A disclaimer comments that monsters reflect the archetypes upon which we built our dreams and society. The historical information is categorized chronologically and accompanied by pictures.  Annotation by Marla Moses.  

Le Beau, Bryan F. "The Carey Document: On the Trail of a Salem Death Warrant." Archiving Early America.
<http://earlyamerica.com/review/summer97/carey.html> (11 November 2001).
  Professor Bryan F. Le Beau is a member of  the Department of History at Creighton University, a Jesuit institution. He earned his Ph.D. in the History of American Civilization from New York University before joining the faculty at Creighton in 1983. His research and teaching interests are in pre-Civil War United States cultural, especially religious, history, on which he has published widely. Le Beau talks about a fake document called The Carey Document, a forgery of a death warrant for Martha Carey on the crime of witchcraft. The site subject is very narrow, but it does go in-depth in this one subject.  It does show that there are documents out there that are not legitimate and should be checked before claiming their worth. The site is professionally written and cited by primary sources. Annotation by Thomas Flanagan. 

See also under review:  

Images of the Devil (in Italian) <http://www.capurromrc.it/devil/diavolo.html>

Walter F. Rowe, "Mysterious Delusions: Witchcraft in Salem," NCAS Skeptical Eye <http://ncas.org/eyes/SE-18.1.pdf>.

Click here for a list of courses about the Witch Hunts on the Web.

This page has had hits since 9 February 2007.

URL: http://departments.kings.edu/womens_history/witchlinks.html Original Posting: 31 October 2001 Last Revision: 5 October 2006 Copyright © MMVI Prof. Pavlac's Women's History Site